Using plant functional traits to understand the landscape distribution of multiple ecosystem services. Pollut. [24], Emergence is the appearance of behaviour that could not be anticipated from knowledge of the parts of the system alone.[25]. Ecology and Society 11(1): 13. All other authors, listed in alphabetic order, contributed with discussion points and helped edit the text. Understanding preferences for tree attributes: the relative effects of socio-economic and local environmental factors. References: 1 Holling, C.S. npj Urban Sustainability Functional trait: A feature of an organism which has demonstrable links to the organisms function69, and, as such, determines the organisms response to pressures (response trait), and/or its effects on ecosystem processes or services (effect trait). Self organisation is one of the defining properties of complex systems. June 2019, issue 2. Environ. Ecol. Theoretical flow chart linking the entities of a social-ecological system to its traits, demonstrating how a traits frameworkas outlined in this articlemight be positioned to support the analysis, interpretation and governance of urban systems. This perspective aims to contribute to the current wide-ranging discussion about traits in both theoretical and applied ecology, and parallel work on better understanding human connections to nature. Based on the diverse use and potential meanings of the word traits, we argue that a traits framework, and traits-focused interdisciplinary discussions and projects, could support a dual ontological stance where some connections are more universal, while others are inherently interpretational or simply individual. Resilience Theory and Socio-Environmental Systems | SESYNC Glob. Erik Anderssons, Dagmar Haase, and Daria Sikorskas research was supported as part of the project ENABLE, funded through the 20152016 BiodivERsA COFUND call for research proposals, with the national funders The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, German aeronautics and space research centre, National Science Centre (Poland), The Research Council of Norway and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. In this perspective, we explore the potential of a traits framework for understanding social-ecological patterns, dynamics, interactions, and tipping points in complex urban systems. [dubious discuss][5] It generates path dependency, which refers to local rules of interaction that change as the system evolves and develops. Cadotte, M. W., Carscadden, K. & Mirotchnick, N. Beyond species: functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services. The opioid crisis: a contextual, social-ecological framework The promise is that a traits framework can further our understanding of patterns, dynamics, interactions, and tipping points within and across complex social-ecological systems. equity and human wellbeing) that have traditionally received little attention in complex adaptive systems theory, and there are areas of complexity theory (e.g. Star, S. L. & Griesemer, J. R. Institutional ecology, translations and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeleys Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 190739. We use the term socio-cultural context as interchangeable with the term socio-cultural environment, the former forming an important part of our ecological model. Wilson, A., Kendal, D. & Moore, J. L. Humans and ornamental plants: a mutualism? The governance structure in the Everglades is dominated by the interests of agriculture and environmentalists who have been in conflict over the need to conserve the habitat at the expense of agricultural productivity throughout history. Biodivers. Sustainability 12, 2565 (2020). For example, invasive or non-native plants are often seen as ecologically problematic, but certain traits such as high leaf coverage or flower colour and shape make them socially desirable48. Numerous studies have applied the SES framework to coastal and marine environments over the last two decades. 451457. 77, 8095 (2017). Our argument is threefold: The first dimension focuses on how to assess and anticipate change by establishing chains of interconnected traits that describe and causally connect sensitivity and. Mackinson, S., and Nottestad, L.( 1998) Combining local and scientific knowledge. Landsc. 55), an improved understanding of the relationship between detectable functional traits and the provision of ecosystem services can help avoid maladaptation56. [26] For example, a small watershed may be considered an ecosystem, but it is a part of a larger watershed that can also be considered an ecosystem and a larger one that encompasses all the smaller watersheds. Tiwary, A. et al. A framework that focuses on knowledge and understanding of ecosystem dynamics, how to navigate it through management practices, institutions, organisations and social networks and how they relate to drivers of change (Picture A). A. Mapping ecosystem services on brownfields in Leipzig, Germany. Andersson, E. et al. Trait-based approaches to analyze links between the drivers of change and ecosystem services: synthesizing existing evidence and future challenges. 243246. Towards an assessment of multiple ecosystem processes and services via functional traits. 102695. This position as a boundary object needs to be further explored and linked to the responses of social-ecological urban systems, which are subject to a multitude of pressures, including climate change and soil sealing. 16, 397409 (2013). Social-ecological traits (expanded definition): An ecologically or socially (inter)active and demonstrable feature of the environment at any level or scale. Cernansky, R. Boidiversity moves beyond counting species. [45][46]. Prevention requires understanding the factors that influence violence. USA 108, 895902 (2011). This changed through the 1970s and 1980s with the rise of several subfields associated with the social sciences but explicitly including the environment in the framing of the issues. Scaling environmental change through the community-level: a trait-based response-and-effect framework for plants. A Socio-Ecological Approach for Identifying and Contextualising - PLOS Cite this article. Socio-environmental modelling has made many contributions in the scientific realm answering environmental issues on the sustainable management of natural resources focusing on land use/land cover change (Parker et al., 2003), agriculture (Huber et al., 2018), fishery management (Lindkvist et al., 2020) or biodiversity conservation (Drechsler . Berkes, F., Colding, J., and Folke, C. (2001) Linking Social-Ecological Systems. Evers, C. R. et al. Quantifying plant colour and colour difference as perceived by humans using digital images. Back to the future: ecosystem dynamics and local knowledge. Advertisement. Introducing humans and human appraisal into our trait framework encourages a broader definition of what might be relevant traits. This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 06:43. 437-440. Monitoring plant functional diversity from space. Ecol. This makes traits frameworks highly relevant also from an economic, social and health perspective, especially in intensely managed environments like cities, where combinations of multiple stressors and external factors create small scale heterogeneity and fast temporal change in pressures61,62. This approach has started to address not just how people filter traits (e.g., see ref. The studies of SES include some central societal concerns (e.g. 19, 387420 (1989). Urban Plan. [5] Phenomena at each level of the scale tend to have their own emergent properties, and different levels may be coupled through feedback relationships. (2011). Nat. Giampietro M, Mayumi K (2000). Ecol. Warren, DM., Slikkerveer, LJ., Brokensha, D. (1995) The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge System. Potential of Social-Ecological Systems Analysis. Article Seasonality is another relevant trait; for example, an extended flowering season49. Some icons designed by macrovector / Freepik. Aravindakshan, S., Krupnik, T.J., Groot, J.C., Speelman, E.N., Amjath-Babu, T.S. Folke, C. (2006), Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analysis, Global Environmental Change, Vol. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, Vol. In order to emphasise the key requirements of a social-ecological system for successful adaptive governance, Folke and colleagues[50] contrasted case studies from the Florida Everglades and the Grand Canyon. More city and regional comparisons are needed to make target setting and threshold discussions grounded and allow for global discussion. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/oekom/gaia/2008/00000017/00000001/art00018?crawler=true, "The Social-Ecological Keystone Concept: A Quantifiable Metaphor for Understanding the Structure, Function, and Resilience of a Biocultural System", https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102695, http://www.csiro.au/science/ComplexSocial-EcologicalSystems.html, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art13/, "Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability", "Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Socialecological Systems", http://environment-ecology.com/general-systems-theory/535-panarchy.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socio-ecological_system&oldid=1150986856, Articles with disputed statements from November 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, A coherent system of biophysical and social factors that regularly interact in a. Structural diversity as a key factor for the provision of recreational services in urban parksa new and straightforward method for assessment. The expansion and implementation of a traits-based approach for urban systems is impeded by availability of traits data. [Website], Available from: <. Sikorski, P. et al. Only by taking these factors into account, planning for spatial-temporal diversity in traits across an urban landscape will create more inclusive urban systems that foster multiple benefits for both people and biodiversity68. How to make socioenvironmental modelling more useful - besjournals Plant traits and extinction in urban areas: a meta-analysis of 11 cities. Socio-Ecological Practice Research | Volumes and issues - Springer 32, pp. Indic. Mapping functional diversity from remotely sensed morphological and physiological forest traits. Nat. The social ecological model conceptualizes health broadly and focuses on multiple factors that might affect health. Thilo Wellmann receives a scholarship by the Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt DBU (German Federal Environmental Foundation). Linking remote sensing and geodiversity and their traits relevant to biodiversityPart I: soil characteristics. They have found their way to the forefront of many discussions and debates about ecosystem dynamics and, with a slight time lag, social-ecological systems1,2,3. To this end, traits can be divided into those that determine an organisms sensitivity and response to environmental factors, and those that relate to its effect on the environment4,17. Sci. Ecol. 1. The architecture of agro-ecological zones influences food production and, as a result, the . The what, who and how of socio-ecological justice: Tailoring a new & Jorgensen, A. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. McPhearson, T. et al. Ecol. Suding, K. N. et al. Urban Ecosyst. Multi-level socioecological drivers of agrarian change: Longitudinal evidence from mixed rice-livestock-aquaculture farming systems of Bangladesh. Ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation: concepts and a glossary. Giampietro M, Mayumi K (2000). Sci. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis. For analysing the sustainability of complex social-ecological systems, innovative methods and approaches that are able to account for and represent interactions between the various system components are essential. [21] Due to the social context in which SES research was placed, and the possibility of SES research translating into recommendations that may affect real people, SES research was seen as more "self-conscious" and "pluralistic" in its perspectives than complexity theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Vol.19, pp.1217. Environ. Glob. 30, 2127 (2013). The figure includes resources from Freepik.com. The direction of self-organisation will depend on such things as the system's history; it is path dependent and difficult to predict.[5]. & ONeill, S. Maladaptation. Scale is important when dealing with complex systems. Based on these findings we stress the dangers of uninformed land use planning and the importance of precautionary behaviour for land use management and land use policy design. Mental Health and Well-being Ecological Model View Article Google Scholar 25. Curr. [51], Aravindakshan, S., Krupnik, T.J., Groot, J.C., Speelman, E.N., Amjath-Babu, T.S. Social-ecological systems - SARAS Institute World Development, Vol. Goodness, J. Evol. Plant Soil 199, 213227 (1998). Aggregate, or higher-level traits, such as structural composition and functional diversity of vegetation, matter flows, or species migration, are the most common traits analysed through remote sensing in order to track trends25. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Conserv. Indic. Population and the Environment 22.2:155-210. Introduction to Socio-Ecological Resilience - Harvard University On the other hand, a successful reproductive strategy such as the emission of high quantities of pollen might limit the suitability to human-dominated environments (including cities) due to allergenic potential44. As cities strive to adapt to climate change by, for example, revising tree species selection (e.g., see ref. Evolution and effects of the social-ecological system over a - Science Conserv. The ecosystem services and biodiversity of novel ecosystems: a literature review. Correspondence to 30). Bioscience 69, 566574 (2019). Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. A relevant example to this point is the ongoing debate about how to evaluate ex-ante, and then monitor, the implementation of nature-based solutions62,64, which remains a challenge65. (2001) Ecology, conservation, and public policy. Lausch, A. et al. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Volume 1 March - October 2019. Further it also highlighted the issues, decline in agrodiversity, technology interventions, concern, and priority for sustainable agriculture in the central Himalaya. Lausch, A. et al. Lausch, A. et al. Do we need more, or different traits to link ecosystem dynamics more strongly to the lived reality of people? It is an official publication of the Ecological Society of America, the largest community of professional ecologists and a trusted source of ecological knowledge. What are the traits of a social-ecological system: towards a - Nature Opin. large, abrupt, and persistent changes in system structure, function, and feedbacks, occur across a wide range of SES (8, 9).Identifying the evolutionary phases (regime shifts) of a SES and the . [Author: Claudia Davidson, Velma McBride Murry, Molly Meinbresse, Darlene M. Jenkins, and Robert Mindrup] Nashville, TN: available at www.nhchc.org. The socio-ecological systems (SESs) framework provides cross-disciplinary insight into complex environmental problems. Fabricius, C., and Koch, E. (2004). Evol. Ignatieva, M., Haase, D., Dushkova, D. & Haase, A. Lawns in cities: from a globalised urban green SPACE phenomenon to sustainable nature-based solutions. Development of multi-functional streetscape green infrastructure using a performance index approach. Evol. J. Bot. Ecol. Fig. 70, 597605 (2016). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. SESs are both complex and adaptive, meaning that they require continuous testing, learning about, and developing knowledge and understanding in order to cope with change and uncertainty. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-020-00008-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-020-00008-4. Cohen-Shacham, E. et al. Opin. (1999). volume1, Articlenumber:14 (2021) From this perspective, we see in a traits framework the potential to support a shift towards more flexible and effective planning approaches, more suitable to address todays urban challenges and to promote greater well-being, sustainability and resilience of present and future cities. [11], Through to the final decades of the twentieth century, the point of contact between social sciences and natural sciences was very limited in dealing with social-ecological systems. At the landscape level the mosaic of ecosystems and the location and combination of patches are used to assess flows and exchange across larger areas (e.g., see ref. McLain, R., and R. Lee. Ecol. However, the link between traits and ecosystem functions has largely been inferred (ibid. & Hahs, A. K. The future of urban biodiversity research: Moving beyond the low-hanging fruit. 1). In order to address the sustainability of socioecological systems (SES), which can be defined as integrated systems of ecosystems and human society with reciprocal feedback and interdependence, a holistic approach seems to be required. We see valuable developments from the past two decades of research towards achieving a traits response-effect library in both the ecology and remote sensing communities33,34, even if recent advances from remote sensing studies still rarely find entrance into urban planners work and policy decision-making35. Bateson, G. (1979) Mind and Nature: A necessary unit. Evol. Dancing the Supply Chain: Toward Transformative Supply Chain Management. Behavioural and socio-ecological factors that influence access and Kendal, D. et al. 1927167), and US NSF Convergence program (grant no. Agricultural land use and the sustainability of social-ecological Supporting holistic decisions: Already now we see increasing use of traits in modelling and decision support tools like CiTree and iTree53,54. 21, 363372 (2018). 148, 10161037 (1996). 16, pp. 24, pp. J Adv Nurs. And which traits are incompatible and how are they best kept separate, a question particularly relevant in the light of zoonosis like the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020? 2). Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. Urban Plan. But what will it take to make good on this promise, in particular for our cities, where change is fast andbeing the places where the majority of humans livehuman perceptions are particularly diverse? Biogeogr. Traits are attributes that speak to biophysical limitations, pressure on species, ecological functionality, and interactions. Urban Ecosyst. Founded in 1915, ESA seeks to . (1998) Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Although panarchy theory originates in ecology, it has found widespread applications in other disciplines. [5][21], Nonlinearity is related to fundamental uncertainty. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. What is Panarchy? By the late 1960s, public awareness of environmental issues had become widespread, and environmental education, with a focus on the social aspects of environmental problems, emerged. [5], Social-ecological systems are based on the concept that humans are a part of not separate from nature. 99, 135147 (2011). Landsc. The notion of panarchy and adaptive cycles has become an important theoretical lens to describe the resilience of ecological systems and, more recently, social-ecological systems. Daz, S. et al. von der Lippe, M., Buchholz, S., Hiller, A., Seitz, B. Here, we propose that the environment, described through traits, could be considered a boundary object (Box 1), allowing for a multiplicity of views, disciplinary connections, engagements, and perceptions, and that speaks to the complexity of social-ecological systems. To this end, there are still many questions that need answers. Appl. Article Policy 98, 2029 (2019). A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Functional traits, the phylogeny of function, and ecosystem service vulnerability. Towards global data products of essential biodiversity variables on species traits. New York: Columbia University Press. Biogeogr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. According to the adaptive cycle heuristic, the levels of both dimensions differ during the course of the cycle along the four phases. 3,8,16,23). PDF Using the Social Ecological Model to examine how homelessness is Three different approaches are identifiablestudying cities as distinctive (socio)ecological systems, studying ecosystems in cities, and studying the functions, benefits, and services that urban ecosystems provide. 21, 716 (2012). Pretty, J., and Ward, H. (2001) Social capital and the environment. Walker, B. H., Gunderson L. H., Kinzig, A. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., and. We argue that studying socio-ecological interactions is not merely the sum total of social scientific and ecological research, because socio-ecological interactions are not interactions. The use of socio-ecological controversies, such as global warming, in classrooms has been suggested to increase students' awareness about complex issues, although detailed analysis of their implementation in classrooms are still scarce. 39,40). Our argument is threefold: The first dimension focuses on how to assess and anticipate change by establishing chains of interconnected traits that describe and causally connect sensitivity and response to different urban pressures such as heat, soil compaction, environmental toxicants, and stormwater runoff, understood through response traits7,8,9,10 to their functional consequences11, mediated by effect traits. Social impacts on health are embedded in the broader environment and shaped by complex relationships between economic systems and social structures. [4] Depending on the particular configuration of the system, it can then begin a new adaptive cycle or alternatively it may transform into a new configuration, shown as an exit arrow. What kind of framing, what research, would allow traitsclassically understood as a different representation and interpretation of well-established and known properties of the social-ecological systemto fully work as mediators for understanding the behavior, functions, and needs of urban systems under pressure? Commun. Integrating Social Science into the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social Dimensions of Ecological Change and Ecological Dimensions of Social Change. Vandewalle, M. et al. Hansen, R., Olafsson, A. S., van der Jagt, A. P. N., Rall, E. & Pauleit, S. Planning multifunctional green infrastructure for compact cities: What is the state of practice? While ecological approaches have been proposed before in association with rural workforce and family-focused practice , the built environment (e.g., urban design and planning, green space access), and the social environment (e.g., prosocial spaces, civic participation, cultural resources) of cities lend themselves well to a population mental .
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