A larger study of 100 patients by Prelle et al. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Your body won't be able to handle these obstacles as well. Received: 02 October 2020; Accepted: 11 January 2021; Published: 04 February 2021. Brancaccio P, Lippi G, Maffulli N. Biochemical markers of muscular damage. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Irrational fear or worry about different objects or situations. WA received compensation for consulting for La Hoffmann Roche and Genentech. Seeking help from a professional can help in finding recovery. It is essential that people provide their doctor with a complete picture of their life and feelings. People with high functioning anxiety experience many typical symptoms of anxiety, such as excessive worry and fear, overthinking, and poor sleep. If you notice that you're lacking in energy and motivation, and you're super anxious, it could be damaging to your productivity. The causes of anxiety disorders aren't fully understood. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. Physical: Shaking, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, chest . Asymptomatic hyper-CK-emia: an electrophysiologic and histopathologic study. Anxiety disorders can cause rapid heart rate, palpitations, and chest pain. About 12.1% of adults in the United States experience social anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. Even trying to cut back on the sweet stuff may, Jamie Friedlander's anxiety caused a lot of sleep problems. Social anxiety disorder refers to excessive emotional discomfort, anxiety, fear, or worry about social situations. Creatinine Kinase (CK) is an intramuscular enzyme that catalyzes the combination of creatinine with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form phosphocreatine. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. People with high-functioning anxiety tend to have difficulty with assertiveness and the ability to say no, says Dr. Borland. Sarris J, et al. Accessed Feb. 26, 2018. A separate Italian study on the use of Botulinum toxin in diabetic patients found a cramp prevalence of 57.8%, although authors did not distinguish type 1 from type 2 diabetic patients (20). 5th ed. eCollection 2019 Apr. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Accessibility Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi: 10.1093/ajcp/79.5.582, 9. You may feel physical symptoms of anxiety, including: In the short term, anxiety increases your breathing and heart rate, concentrating blood flow to your brain, where you need it. Effective treatment is available for all types of anxiety. Muscle Nerve. Medical causes. Apples, lemons, strawberries, watermelon, avocado these powerhouses contain antioxidants and tons of. Phobias include fear of tight spaces (claustrophobia), fear of heights (acrophobia), and many others. Elevated Creatine Kinase - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments - Healthgrades JH received compensation for consulting for Reata and Avexis. "The brain sends signals to the adrenal glands (organs that sit atop your kidneys), which release hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol. We identified 450 patients with confirmed peripheral neuropathy and CK testing, 92 (20.4%) of whom had hyperCKemia. There has been limited investigation of the association between peripheral neuropathy and CK elevation (hyperCKemia).Methods: We performed a chart review to investigate the CK level in peripheral neuropathies. Abraham A, Albulaihe H, Alabdali M, Qrimli M, Breiner A, Barnett C, et al. That's not necessarily the case. The anxiety symptoms may affect their sleep or appetite. Generalized anxiety disorder. Discussion: HyperCKemia can occur in patients with peripheral neuropathy and appears to associate with cramping. Or, they may have subclinical anxiety a situation where people do not meet the diagnostic criteria for anxiety but still have anxiety symptoms. Need Help Overcoming Social Anxiety? Having a serious medical condition or a substance use disorder can also lead to an anxiety disorder. What happens to your body after you take your first sip of alcohol? That said, creatine kinase >5000 IU/L (10-50 times the upper limit of normal) should prompt consideration of rhabdomyolysis. Summary. A normal EMG has a strong negative predictive value (7480%) in excluding myopathy on muscle biopsy in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hyperCKemia (9). National Alliance on Mental Illness. Hermanns B, Molnar M, Schrder JM. Claeys KG, Zchner S, Kennerson M, Berciano J, Garcia A, Verhoeven K, et al. Common causes include war, natural disasters, or a physical attack. Of the 92 patients with hyperCKemia and peripheral neuropathy, 61 had possible etiologies or explanations, including myopathy, motor neuron disease, statin use, or chronic kidney disease. (2022). The American Heart Association (AHA) explains that when we face a stressful situation, our bodies release cortisol and adrenaline . When we think of anxiety disorders, we tend to think of someone who feels nervous, worries excessively and is restless. There may be a connection between anxiety disorders and the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) after a bowel infection. Creatine kinase increases in adults with uncontrolled hypertension. Individuals with high functioning anxiety tend to do a good job at hiding their symptoms from others, says Dr. Borland. More severe cases may have a profound impact on your life. These can include sweating hands, shaking legs, and a fast heart rate. Lopate G, Streif E, Harms M, Weihl C, Pestronk A. Cramps and small-fiber neuropathy. Luman A., Lubus A.R. doi: 10.1002/mus.24892, Keywords: cramping, muscle enzyme, CK, neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, Citation: Jordan A, Nagaraj A, Hoyle JC, Stino AM, Arnold WD and Elsheikh B (2021) Elevated Creatinine Kinase in Peripheral Neuropathy Is Associated With Muscle Cramping. Anxiety disorders. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2010.179, 2. J Neurol Sci. insomnia. doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00395-6, 15. What Are the Effects of Alcohol on the Body? Moderate anxiety levels are part of the human . This means that other people may not notice any anxiety symptoms. Table 2A. Brown A. Allscripts EPSi. Read our guide on medication disposal here. The age of onset of anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Brewster L.M., van Montfrans G.A. Anxiety and depression can increase the risk of developing one or more of 29 physical conditions, from heart disease to diabetes, bacterial infections and circulatory diseases, according to a . If the test finds high total CPK levels in your blood, this could mean that either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) degeneration or damage has happened to your heart, brain, or skeletal . Avoiding the source of your fear or only enduring it with great . between the sheets because you're worrying or tense, it's time to find ways to feel more calm and free. Investigating raised creatine kinase | The BMJ These individuals may try to mask their symptoms by taking control of the situation.. If you're getting sick often, it could be due to high cortisol levels and a compromised immune system. Creatine kinase as a marker of obesity in a multi-ethnic population. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050170057018, 5. 2014;14:411. We avoid using tertiary references. other information we have about you. Front Neurol. What is less clear in the current literature is the diagnostic utility and clinical benefit of performing a muscle biopsy in a patient with hyperCKemia and an abnormal EMG that shows only neurogenic changes. Can diet and exercise reverse prediabetes? While this figure seems quite low, it is worth noting that many patients with normal CK often report cramping, and cramping prevalence was not specifically assessed for our diabetic subgroup of patients. If you have high-functioning anxiety, you might come across as confident, driven and organized. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A therapist can also teach people techniques to manage their anxiety symptoms, such as deep breathing, meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation. Table 1A. Based on the EMG findings, the neuropathy was axonal in twenty-two, demyelinating in three, and mixed in one. People with OCD may feel overwhelmed with the desire to perform particular rituals (compulsions) over and over again, or experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts that can be distressing (obsessions). If your doctor suspects your anxiety may have a medical cause, he or she may order tests to look for signs of a problem. It may be affecting their quality of life in subtle ways. The mean age of the patients with peripheral neuropathy and hyperCKemia but no alternate identifiable etiology was 59 years 14.32, and 15 (48%) were men (see Table 1A). It's one thing to be antsy before a big deadline at work or a public speaking event; however, if you're chronically anxious, and not really sure why, it could signify that you have elevated anxiety levels. Abraham A, Barnett C, Lovblom LE, Perkins BA, Bril V, Katzberg HD. It is mostly found in your skeletal muscles and heart, with lesser amounts in the brain. Testing methodological guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: Effectiveness of interventions to promote smoke alarm ownership and function. From hair trends to relationship advice, our daily newsletter has everything you need to sound like a person whos on TikTok, even if you arent. It is interesting to note that four of our patients with hyperCKemia-associated peripheral neuropathy were small fiber, which is indeed surprising. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml. This test measures the amount of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted (2016) 53:5137. Examples of medical problems that can be linked to . Neuromuscul Disord. Neuromuscular abnormalities in the major mental illnesses. You may have a powerful urge to avoid the feared object or situation. They don't have any anxiety, right? (2016) 95:e4344. Nandi suggests that having high anxiety can impair your . Every woman deserves to thrive. Research indicates that people often only seek help when they struggle to cope with their symptoms. Front. Correlation of creatine kinase levels with clinical features and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We should note that, in our study, the majority has axonal neuropathy on nerve conduction studies. AN, AJ, BE, and WA contributed to the conception and design of the study. Is greater tissue activity of creatine kinase the genetic factor increasing hypertension risk in black people of sub-Saharan African descent? Brewster L.M., van Bree S., Reijneveld J.C., Notermans N.C., Verschuren W.M., Clark J.F., van Montfrans G.A., de Visser M. Hypertension risk in idiopathic hyperCKemia. This very physical response is preparing you to face an intense situation. Brewster L.M. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. Adrenaline and cortisol are two examples. Most cases of raised creatine kinase can Diabetes Care. Experiencing occasional anxiety is a normal part of life. You're Getting Sick Often. Anxiety doesn't cause long-term high blood pressure (hypertension). (2016) 53:8625. Although structural abnormalities in nerve and muscle of some of these patients have been described, the cause remains obscure. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Large fiber peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed based on abnormalities on vibratory, proprioceptive, and distal motor deficits on examination. doi: 10.1002/ana.25340, 21. fatigue. However, it may be one way that anxiety disorders present in some people. Adrenaline causes the heart rate and blood pressure to increase. Common compulsions include habitual handwashing, counting, or checking something. Its different based on everyone. The primary difference is how an individual responds to anxiety, says Dr. Borland. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Anxiety & Depression Association of America (ADAA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Mindful Moves: 15 Minute Yoga Flow for Anxiety, nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5149447/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407545/, adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/generalized-anxiety-disorder-gad, nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/so-stressed-out-fact-sheet, ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353, nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd, adaa.org/understanding-anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder, nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/social-anxiety-disorder. Prevalence of muscle cramps in patients with diabetes. Anxiety disorders - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic On separate sub-group analysis of African American patients whose CK values exceeded our laboratory cut off, none of the CK values reached a significance of three times upper limit of normal (range 292825 U/L). EFNS guidelines on the diagnostic approach to pauci- or asymptomatic hyperCKemia. Peripheral neuropathy patient disposition diagram. In some cases, anxiety signs and symptoms are the first indicators of a medical illness. The term high functioning anxiety describes an individual who, despite feeling anxious, seems able to effectively manage the demands of day-to-day life, says psychologist Adam Borland, PsyD. Creatine kinase can also be elevated without any muscle symptoms.2 Moreover, no clear correlation exists between creatine kinase activity and the extent of actual muscle injury. Learn the effects of drinking on your body and mental well-being. Acceptance is important when dealing with any kind of anxiety disorder, says Dr. Borland. Why Going to Pelvic Floor Therapy Transformed My Life, The No BS Guide to Organizing Your Feelings. What to know about social anxiety disorder, What to know about generalized anxiety disorder, anticipatory anxiety (anxiety before events), they experience regular symptoms of anxiety that causes distress, anxiety affects their relationships, health, or self-esteem, they use alcohol or drugs to manage their symptoms, they develop symptoms of other mental health issues, such as depression. AN and AJ organized the database and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 19902010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Despite this, people living with this type of anxiety can face many challenges. CPK Enzyme Test: What Do Your Results Mean? - WebMD Physical symptoms of anxiety such as rapid heart rate, increased breathing rate, sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath. Evaluation of the Beckman Coulter LX20 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. FOIA Every Single Big & Small Way You Can Fight For Abortion Rights, TikTok Can't Get Enough Of These "Strawberry Bites" For Sweet Snacking, These 3 Zodiac Signs Feel Young At Heart, According To An Astrologer, How A Birth Chart Reading Made Me Finally Connect With My Zodiac Sign, Get Even More From Bustle Sign Up For The Newsletter. Find support. 5 Types of Therapy: Which Is Best for You? A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Schumann G., Bonora R., Ceriotti F., Clerc-Renaud P., Ferrero C.A., Frard G., Franck P.F., Gella F.J., Hoelzel W., Jrgensen P.J., et al. Gender-differences in the associations between circulating creatine kinase, blood pressure, body mass and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in asymptomatic Asians. Physically, you can become sweaty or have a pounding heart. Is it all about body mass index? Many people require a combination of the two to feel better. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. It is essential to dispose of any unwanted medication safely. National Library of Medicine This study defined abnormal EMG as including both myopathic and neurogenic findings, but did not clarify if muscle biopsy findings in patients with neurogenic EMG findings showed superimposed myopathy that may have not been detected on needle examination. But episodes of anxiety can cause dramatic, temporary spikes in blood pressure. PMC Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy, Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IRCCS), Italy. Symptoms may begin immediately or years later. High levels of lean muscle might help protect against Alzheimers, Once-weekly insulin vs. daily injection: Study finds one is more effective than the other. Why only a subset of patients develops cramping and hyperCKemia is unclear, as all peripheral neuropathy patients should conceivably be at equal risk of cramping. While experts do not fully understand the causes of anxiety disorders, they most likely occur due to a combination of factors, such as: Learn more about alcohol use and anxiety here. Bandelow B, et al. 11 Things That Can Happen If You Have Elevated Anxiety Levels - Bustle The effect of creatine kinase inhibition on contractile properties of human resistance arteries. Goode DJ, Weinberg DH, Mazura TA, Curtiss G, Moretti RJ, Meltzer HY. Among patients with large fiber peripheral neuropathy and hyperCKemia, common etiologies included hereditary (35%), immune-mediated (15%), chemotherapy-induced (11%), and diabetic/prediabetic (5%) peripheral neuropathies. We defined hyperCKemia as CK > 180 U/L in females and CK > 220 U/L in males based on our institutional normative values. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the While high-functioning anxiety cant be diagnosed, certain factors may contribute: People with high-functioning anxiety tend to be highly organized, meet deadlines and troubleshoot problems. Figure 1. How creatine kinase works CK is an enzyme that rises when muscle damage occurs. Myth vs. Brewster L.M., Oudman I., Nannan Panday R.V., Khoyska I., Haan Y.C., Karamat F.A., Clark J.F., van Montfrans G.A. You may overreact at times. By subscribing to this BDG newsletter, you agree to our. But on the flip side, you may feel shame and embarrassed to let your guard down for fear youll seem weak. 1 million participants. On the other hand, our neuropathy population is a restricted cohort that accounted for these variables, thus strengthening the conclusion that hyperCKemia is a unique finding that can be seen with isolated neuropathy. (2000) 48:91926. An individual who experiences GAD might try to remove themself from an anxiety-provoking situation. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). If you notice you're having poor gut health and stomach pains, especially when you're tense, it's probably due to greater cortisol spikes. Ozempic in a pill: Could higher doses improve blood sugar, weight loss? Karamat F.A., Oudman I., Haan Y.C., van Kuilenburg A.B., Leen R., Danser J.A., Leijten F.P., Ris-Stalpers C., van Montfrans G.A., Clark J.F., et al. Maxwell SK, Kokokyi S, Breiner A, Ebadi H, Bril V, Katzberg HD. Lim S., Vos A., Flaxman A., Danaei G., Shibuya K., Adair-Rohani H., AlMazroa M.A., Amann M., Anderson H.R., Andrews K.G. CK data stratified based on race. Common obsessions include concerns about cleanliness, aggressive impulses, and the need for symmetry. A significantly higher number of CPK elevations were reported in association with vigorous exercise. IBS can cause vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation. Neurol. Anxiety disorders can happen at any stage of life, but they usually begin between early adolescence and young adulthood. This severe social phobia can leave one feeling ashamed and alone. Eur J Neurol. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read and approved the submitted version. Doctors may find it challenging to diagnose an anxiety disorder in people with high functioning anxiety. Serum Creatine Kinase-MB Isoenzyme Activity among Subjects with Uncomplicated Essential Hypertension: Any Sex Differences. In our cohort of 31 patients with isolated peripheral neuropathy and hyperCKemia, two patients underwent muscle biopsies, which showed isolated neurogenic changes without associated myopathic changes. Investigating the power of music for dementia. Psychiatric and somatic markers of anxiety: Identification and pharmacologic treatment. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/, https://reviewersmanual.joannabriggs.org/. Bookshelf Defining and measuring biological activity: Applying the principles of metrology. We conducted this study to evaluate the frequency of hyperCKemia in peripheral neuropathy and explore potential etiologies. The site is secure. Muscle cramping has a well-known association with peripheral neuropathy (10, 16, 17), and has been hypothesized to occur due to abnormal spontaneous firing of terminal motor axons (18). doi: 10.1007/s004150200010, 14. Minetto MA, Holobar A, Botter A, Farina D. Origin and development of muscle cramps. Gelenberg AJ. Joy JL, Oh SJ. With occasional stress, your body returns to regular functioning when the stress passes. Dont be afraid to take stepstowards asking for help and receiving help.. doi: 10.2337/dc13-1163, 20. In people with high functioning anxiety, this impairment is not always obvious. See your doctor or a mental health provider before your anxiety gets worse. But how does high-functioning anxiety differ from general anxiety disorder (GAD)? https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. (1983) 79:5826. Adding these 10 simple self-care strategies to your daily routine can be effective for managing depression. Creatine kinase in the U.S. population: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range. "Panic attacks differ from normal anxiousness in both degree and onset. Restivo DA, Casabona A, Frittitta L, Belfiore A, Le Moli R, Gullo D, et al. chest pain. 5. Effect of limb restraints on serum creatine phosphokinase activity in normal volunteers. Yen C.H., Wang K.T., Lee P.Y., Liu C.C., Hsieh Y.C., Kuo J.Y., Bulwer B.E., Hung C.L., Chang S.C., Shih S.C., et al. Creatine phosphokinase elevations and psychiatric symptomatology. Introduction: Serum Creatinine Kinase (CK) is a non-specific marker of muscle damage. Copyright 2021 Jordan, Nagaraj, Hoyle, Stino, Arnold and Elsheikh. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. The .gov means its official. CPK levels of medical students were measured before and after an academic examination, but no relationship between examination stress and changes in CPK was found. Since the heart is a muscle, an elevated CK level can mean that the heart is damaged as in a heart attack. abdominal pain. With regards to hyperCKemia occurrence in peripheral neuropathy as compared to other non-myopathic neuromuscular disorders, data exists showing a prevalence of hyperCKemia of 43% in ALS (11). GAD is marked by excessive anxiety for no logical reason. Joy et al. Rodgers M., Arai L., Popay J., Britten N., Roberts H., Petticrew M., Sowden A. Regarding the variation in hyperCKemia prevalence by peripheral neuropathy etiology, we found the most frequent to be hereditary neuropathy (35%), and the lowest frequency among those with peripheral neuropathy to be glucose intolerance (9%). This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Anxiety causes rapid, shallow breathing. *Correspondence: Bakri Elsheikh, bakri.elsheikh@osumc.edu, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.613599, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States. Current evidence regarding the management of mood and anxiety disorders using complementary and alternative medicine. A follow-up study of 250 patients. Anxiety disorders and coronary disease. While an explanation is not clear, some reports describe a high prevalence of cramping in small fiber neuropathy (10). In summary, our study provides some evidence that peripheral neuropathy, including the more commonly encountered acquired etiologies, may feature some degree of hyperCKemia, and that peripheral neuropathy patients experiencing cramping may have higher CK levels than their asymptomatic counterparts. For some people, anxiety may be linked to an underlying health issue. Dont be afraid to say no, Dr. Borland reiterates. Oudman I., Kewalbansing P., Valkengoed I., Zwinderman A., Clark J.F., van Montfrans G.A., Brewster L.M. Social anxiety disorder involves a paralyzing fear of social situations and of being judged or humiliated by others. You may have stomachaches, nausea, diarrhea, and other digestive issues. Stepman H.C., Tiikkainen U., Stckl D., Vesper H.W., Edwards S.H., Laitinen H., Pelanti J., Thienpont L.M. Inappropriately discarded drugs can harm people, animals, and the environment. Of note, we did not specifically capture electrophysiologic markers of cramping on EMG in this study. Osbakken M., Douglas P.S., Ivanics T., Zhang D., Van Winkle T. Creatine kinase kinetics studied by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance in a canine model of chronic hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy. (2018) 129:1226. Three hundred one patients (84.1%) identified as Caucasian, 39 (10.9%) as African American/African, 5 (1.4%) as Asian, 3 (0.8%) as American Indian, and 10 (2.8%) identified as being of other ethnicity or multi-ethnic. Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual. Learn more about the symptoms, causes, and treatment here. But if youre having difficulty sleeping, experiencing a loss of appetite or finding it hard to manage day-to-day tasks, its time to speak with your doctor. The ADAA estimates GAD affects about 6.8 million adults in the United States a year. Salcedo, B. Click here for an email preview. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). People with high functioning anxiety may be less likely than others to seek treatment. Here, find out why it happens and how to stop it. A 2014 study demonstrated an increased age-adjusted prevalence of cramping in type 2 but not type 1 diabetic patients as compared with healthy controls (19), and found neuropathy to be the single most impactful predictor for the development of cramps in diabetic patients. Pharmacological treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in adults: An update. CPK: relationship of psychological and physical stress - PubMed Photo: Shutterstock, People with anxiety and depression are at greater risk for 29 physical health conditions, including diseases and bacterial infections, a recent study suggests, In turn, having a chronic disease can lead to depression and anxiety, underlining the importance of a healthy lifestyle, and prompt treatment and support. Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and premature death worldwide [].Global prevalence of raised blood pressure in adults is estimated to be 35% to 40% [].The number of adults with raised blood pressure increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase largely in low-income and middle-income . If those temporary spikes occur frequently, such as every day, they can cause damage to blood vessels, the heart and kidneys, as can chronic high blood pressure.
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